The 25 laboratory sessions in this manual have been designed to introduce beginning students to the major
concepts of biology, while keeping in mind minimal preparation for sequential laboratory use. The laboratories
are coordinated with Essentials of Biology, a general biology text that covers all fields of biology. In addition,
this Laboratory Manual can be adapted to a variety of course orientations and designs. There are a sufficient
number of laboratories and exercises within each lab to tailor the laboratory experience as desired. Then, too,
many exercises may be performed as demonstrations rather than as student activities, thereby shortening the
time required to cover a particular concept.