Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 34. Chapters: Alveolar approximant, Alveolar clicks, Alveolar consonant, Alveolar ejective, Alveolar ejective fricative, Alveolar flap, Alveolar lateral approximant, Alveolar lateral ejective affricate, Alveolar lateral ejective fricative, Alveolar lateral flap, Alveolar nasal, Alveolar obstruent, Alveolar stop, Alveolar trill, Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative, Denti-alveolar consonant, Lateral clicks, Palato-alveolar ejective fricative, Retroflex ejective fricative, Uvular ejective affricate, Velarized alveolar lateral approximant, Voiced alveolar affricate, Voiced alveolar fricative, Voiced alveolar implosive, Voiced alveolar lateral affricate, Voiced alveolar lateral fricative, Voiced alveolar stop, Voiced uvular affricate, Voiced velar lateral affricate, Voiceless alveolar affricate, Voiceless alveolar fricative, Voiceless alveolar implosive, Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate, Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, Voiceless alveolar nasal, Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative, Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant, Voiceless alveolar sibilant, Voiceless alveolar stop, Voiceless palatal lateral affricate, Voiceless retroflex affricate. Excerpt: The alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees, or in broad transcription; the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\ . For ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions often use the symbol instead of, even though the former symbol technically represents the alveolar trill. Features of the alveolar approximant: Voiced alveolar approximant is the standard description of in American English. It is articulated with the tongue tip or blade placed closely to the region behind the teeth called the alveolar ridge. Some people claim that in their pronunciation of the tip or blade of the tongue is placed behind the alveolar ridge and could, therefore, be characterized as post-alveolar. Magnetic resonance images of vocal tract configurations during production show that speakers of American English employ a wide range of articulatory strategies and shape their tongue differently to produce . This may suggest that a great mastery of tongue muscles is required in order to reach the correct target for . The American English displays a fairly stable pattern of the low third formant (F3) and the close proximity of the second and third formants (F2 and F3). The acoustic analysis of word-initial done by closely inspecting spectrograms of words pronounced by children and adults has led many researchers to believe that the acoustic interaction between F2 and F3 is a primary cue in distinguishing from other approximants, and, as well as labiodental in speech perception. As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, / / occurs in Edo, Fula, Murinh-patha, and Palauan. Research in phonological development references articulatory and acoustic descriptions. Childrens acquisition of consonants differs both in where and how the vocal tract is closed. Children lack control of their articu