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Preface | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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List of Figures | |
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List of Tables | |
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Extraocular Muscle Anatomy and Innervation | |
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Muscle pulleys | |
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Ocular muscles | |
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Innervation | |
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Associated cranial nerves | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Binocular Single Vision | |
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Worth's classification | |
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Development | |
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Retinal correspondence | |
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Physiology of stereopsis | |
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Fusion | |
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Retinal rivalry | |
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Suppression | |
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Diplopia | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Ocular Motility | |
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Saccadic system | |
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Smooth pursuit system | |
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Vergence system | |
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Vestibular-ocular response and optokinetic response | |
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Brainstem control | |
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Muscle sequelae | |
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Past-pointing | |
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Bell's phenomenon | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Orthoptic Investigative Procedures | |
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Visual acuity | |
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Cover test | |
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Ocular motility | |
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Accommodation and convergence | |
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Retinal correspondence | |
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Fusion | |
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Stereopsis | |
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Suppression | |
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Synoptophore | |
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Aniseikonia | |
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Fixation | |
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Measurement of deviations | |
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Hess charts | |
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Field of binocular single vision | |
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Uniocular field of vision | |
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Measurement of torsion | |
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Parks-Helveston three-step test | |
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Diplopia charts | |
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Bielchowsky phenomenon (dark wedge test) | |
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Forced duction test | |
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Forced generation test | |
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Orthoptic exercises | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Heterophoria | |
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Classification | |
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Aetiology | |
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Causes of decompensation | |
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Esophoria | |
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Exophoria | |
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Hyperphoria/hypophoria | |
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Alternating hyperphoria | |
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Alternating hypophoria | |
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Cyclophoria | |
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Incomitant heterophoria | |
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Hemifield slide | |
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Investigation of heterophoria | |
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Management | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Heterotropia | |
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Esotropia | |
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Factors necessary for development of binocular single vision | |
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Constant esotropia with an accommodative element | |
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Constant esotropia without an accommodative element | |
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Accommodative esotropia | |
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Relating to fixation distance | |
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Exotropia | |
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Hypertropia | |
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Hypotropia | |
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Cyclotropia | |
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Dissociated vertical deviation | |
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Dissociated horizontal deviation | |
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Quality of life | |
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Pseudostrabismus | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Microtropia | |
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Terminology | |
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Classification | |
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Investigation | |
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Management | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Amblyopia and Visual Impairment | |
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Classification | |
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Aetiology | |
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Investigation | |
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Management | |
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Eccentric fixation | |
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Cerebral visual impairment | |
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Delayed visual maturation | |
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PHACE syndrome | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Aphakia | |
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Methods of correction | |
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Investigation | |
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Problems with unilateral aphakia | |
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Management | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Incomitant Strabismus | |
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Aetiology | |
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Aid to diagnosis | |
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Diplopia | |
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Abnormal head posture | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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A and V Patterns | |
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Classification | |
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Aetiology | |
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Investigation | |
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Management | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Accommodation and Convergence Disorders | |
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Accommodative disorders | |
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Presbyopia-physiological | |
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Presbyopia - premature (non-physiological) | |
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Accommodative insufficiency | |
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Accommodative fatigue | |
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Accommodative paralysis | |
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Accommodative spasm | |
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Accommodative inertia | |
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Micropsia | |
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Macropsia | |
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Convergence anomalies | |
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Convergence insufficiency | |
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Convergence paralysis | |
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Convergence spasm | |
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Specific learning difficulty | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Ptosis and Pupils | |
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Ptosis | |
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Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome | |
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Lid retraction | |
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Pupils | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Neurogenic Disorders | |
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III (third) cranial nerve | |
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IV (fourth) cranial nerve | |
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VI (sixth) cranial nerve | |
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Multiple sclerosis | |
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Acquired motor fusion deficiency | |
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Non-accidental injury | |
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Premature visual impairment | |
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Ophthalmoplegia | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Mechanical Paralytic Strabismus | |
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Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders | |
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Brown's syndrome | |
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Adherence syndrome | |
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Moebius syndrome | |
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Strabismus fixus syndrome | |
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Thyroid eye disease | |
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Orbital injuries | |
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Blow-out fracture | |
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Soft tissue injury | |
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Supraorbital fracture | |
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Naso-orbital fracture | |
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Zygoma fracture | |
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Conjunctival shortening syndrome | |
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Retinal detachment | |
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Cataract | |
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Macular translocation surgery | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Myogenic Disorders | |
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Thyroid eye disease | |
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Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia | |
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Myasthenia gravis | |
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Myotonic dystrophy | |
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Ocular myositis | |
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Kearns-Sayre ophthalmoplegia | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Craniofacial Synostoses | |
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Plagiocephaly | |
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Brachycephaly | |
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Scaphocephaly/dolichocephaly | |
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Occipital plagiocephaly | |
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Apert's syndrome | |
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Craniofrontonasal dysplasia | |
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Crouzon's syndrome | |
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Pfeiffer syndrome | |
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Saethre-Chotzen syndrome | |
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Unicoronal syndrome | |
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General signs and symptoms | |
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Ocular signs and symptoms | |
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Management | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Nystagmus | |
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Aetiology | |
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Classification | |
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Investigation | |
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Management | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Supranuclear and Internuclear Disorders | |
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Saccadic movement disorders | |
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Smooth pursuit movement disorders | |
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Vergence movement disorders | |
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Gaze palsy | |
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Optokinetic movement disorders | |
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Vestibular movement disorders | |
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Brainstem syndromes | |
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Ocular tilt reaction | |
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Ocular investigation | |
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Management options | |
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References | |
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Further reading | |
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Appendices | |
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Diagnostic Aids | |
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Abbreviations of Orthoptic Terms | |
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Diagrammatic Recording of Ocular Motility | |
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Diagrammatic Recording of Nystagmus | |
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Glossary | |
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Case Reports | |
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Index | |