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Trigonometry for Surveyors | |
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Trigonometry | |
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Angles and Their Measurement | |
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Expressing the Fractional Part of a Degree in Minutes and Seconds | |
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Expressing an Arc in Radians | |
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Angle Conversions | |
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Operations with Angles Expressed in Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds | |
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Areas of Triangles | |
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Interior Angles of Triangle | |
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Exterior Angles of a Triangle | |
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Pythagorean Theorem | |
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Standard Position for an Angle | |
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Trigonometric Ratios | |
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Trigonometric Functions on a Calculator | |
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Field Notes | |
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Reason for Field Notes | |
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Requirements for Good Notes | |
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Types of Field Books | |
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Kinds of Notes | |
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Arrangement of Field Notes | |
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Suggestions on Recording Notes | |
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Proper Methods | |
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Significant Figures | |
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Rounding Off Numbers | |
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Horizontal Distances | |
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Methods of Measurement | |
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Pacing | |
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Odometer Readings | |
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Horizontal Sights by Stadia | |
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Electronic Distance Measurements | |
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Precision of Various Measuring Methods | |
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Taping | |
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Slope Taping Procedure | |
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Corrections | |
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Slope Computations | |
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Stationing | |
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Notekeeping | |
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Sources of Error | |
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Common Mistakes | |
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Transits | |
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General Information | |
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Differences between Transits and Theodolites | |
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Relationships of Angles and Distances | |
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Telescopic Sight | |
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Line of Sight | |
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Verniers | |
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Transit Geometry | |
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The Compass | |
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Magnetic Declination | |
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Variations in Magnetic Declination | |
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Local Attraction | |
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Sources of Error in Compass Work | |
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Mistakes in Compass Work | |
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Determining an Accurate Compass Bearing | |
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Measuring a Horizontal Angle | |
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Field Records | |
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Recording the Field Notes | |
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Sources of Error in Transit Work | |
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Leveling | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Leveling | |
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Leveling Equipment | |
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Orders of Accuracy | |
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Level Bench Marks | |
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Differential Leveling | |
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Sight Distances | |
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Balancing Foresights and Backsights | |
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Curvature and Refraction | |
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Adjusting the Level | |
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Field Procedure | |
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Recording | |
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Profile Leveling | |
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Trigonometric Leveling | |
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Angle Measurement | |
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General Information | |
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Direction | |
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Measuring Angles by Repetition | |
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Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle by Angles | |
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Kinds of Horizontal Angles | |
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Closing the Horizon | |
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Azimuth | |
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Bearings | |
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Comparison of Bearings and Azimuths | |
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Bearing Calculations | |
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Computing Azimuths | |
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Factors Affecting Angle Observations | |
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Common Mistakes | |
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Traverses | |
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Definitions | |
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Use of Traverses | |
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Traverse Field Work | |
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Traverse Computations | |
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Working a Connecting Traverse | |
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Topographic Surveys | |
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Definition of Topographic Surveying | |
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Scales | |
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Topographic Representation | |
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Contour Lines | |
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Field Methods | |
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Cross-Section Method | |
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Plotting the Points | |
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Interpolating | |
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Other Methods of Obtaining Topography | |
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Coordinate Square Method | |
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Geometric Location of Contour Points | |
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Sources of Error in Topographic Surveys | |
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Construction Surveys | |
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Introduction | |
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Methods | |
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Transfer from Stakes to the Improvement | |
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Baseline and Offset Control | |
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Angle-and-Distance Method | |
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Complex Plans: Coordinate Method | |
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Establishing Line in the Field: Marking Position | |
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Establishing Grade: Marking Elevations | |
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Methods of Giving Grade | |
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Slope Staking | |
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Definition | |
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Method | |
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Information Required | |
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Summing up Slope Staking Procedures | |
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Field Notes | |
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Earthwork | |
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Importance of Earthwork | |
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Cross Sections | |
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Areas | |
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Counting-the-Squares Method | |
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Geometric Method | |
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Stripper Method | |
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Double-Meridian-Distance Method | |
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Area by Coordinates | |
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Volumes | |
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Volume by Average End Areas | |
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Volume by End-Areas Table | |
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Volume by Prismoidal Formula | |
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Horizontal Curves | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Horizontal Curves | |
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Elements of a Simple Curve | |
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Simple Curve Formulas (Arc and Chord Definitions) | |
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Solution of a Simple Curve | |
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Staking Out a Simple Horizontal Curve | |
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The Compound Curve | |
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Vertical Curves | |
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Why Vertical Curves Are Used | |
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Definitions | |
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Computing Vertical Curves: The Stage Method | |
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Computing Vertical Curves: The Direct Method | |
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Vertical Curve in Sag | |
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Drawing Maps | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Maps | |
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Horizontal Ties | |
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Vertical Ties | |
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Map Scale | |
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Map Drafting | |
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Plotting the Control | |
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Plotting Angles | |
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Topographic Symbols | |
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Placing the Map on a Sheet | |
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Meridian Arrow | |
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Title | |
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Paper | |
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Sources of Error in Mapping | |
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Index | |